Howard University

Pharmacy students at Howard University, c. 1900. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
Howard University law school graduates, c. 1900. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

historically black university founded in 1867 in Washington, D.C., and named for General Oliver Otis Howard, head of the post-Civil War Freedmen's Bureau, who influenced Congress to appropriate funds for the school. The university is financially supported in large part by the U.S. government but is privately controlled.

Although Howard University has always been open to students of any race, colour, or creed, it was founded with a special obligation to provide advanced studies for blacks. Its library is the leading research library on African American history. Academic divisions include the colleges or schools of arts and sciences; business; communications; dentistry; divinity; education; engineering, architecture, and computer sciences; law; medicine; pharmacy, nursing, and allied health sciences; and social work. There is also a graduate school. Although the student body at one time was virtually all black, students of other races began attending after World War II, especially in the graduate schools.

Many of Howard's graduates advance to leadership positions in education, social reform, and government. Among the most prominent have been U.S. Senator Edward William Brooke of Massachusetts; sociologist E. Franklin Frazier; playwright Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones); statesman Ralph Bunche, a longtime member of the United Nations and recipient of the 1950 Nobel Prize for Peace, who established the school's political science department; soprano Jessye Norman; and Nobel Prize-winning author Toni Morrison.